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Easiest Website BuilderMOCK TEST - 1 - Verbal Ability & Reading Comprehension (VARC Section)
Verbal Ability & Reading Comprehension (VARC) is one of the section of CAT exam along with Quantitative Aptitude and Data Interpretation and Logical Reasoning. Practice tests help aspirants to prepare for the exams.
Verbal Ability & Reading Comprehension determines the candidates ability to read, understand and answer questions of a language.
Maximum Time for this section: 40 : 00 (Minutes : Seconds)
Total number of Questions: 68
Total number of MCQ's Questions: 50
Total Number of Non-MCQ's (TITA) Questions: 18
Total number Quantitative Ability (QA) Questions: 22
Total number Quantitative Ability (QA) MCQ's Questions: 14
Total number Quantitative Ability (QA) non-MCQ's (TITA) Questions: 08
Total number Data Interpretation and Logical Reasoning (DILR) Questions: 20
Total number Data Interpretation and Logical Reasoning (DILR) MCQ's Questions: 15
Total number Data Interpretation and Logical Reasoning (DILR) non-MCQ's (TITA) Questions: 05
Total number Verbal Ability & Reading Comprehension (VARC) Questions: 26
Total number Verbal Ability & Reading Comprehension (VARC) MCQ's Questions: 21
Total number Verbal Ability & Reading Comprehension (VARC) non-MCQ's (TITA) Questions: 05
Maximum Time: 40 : 00 (Minutes : Seconds) per section
Note-1: Use of simple calculator is allowed.
Note-2: Not allowed to change section once selected.
Directions (for questions 1 and 2): Read the passage to answer the questions below.
Pluto was discovered in the year 1930 and was given the status of the 9th planet of the solar system but the International Astronomical Union (IAU) demoted Pluto from its earlier status of a planet, and recognized it as a "dwarf planet" in September 2006 because Pluto should meet the following 3 conditions which are must for a planet as laid down by the IAU:
1. It must be in orbit around the sun, i.e. it must revolve around the sum along well established orbit,
2. It must be so massive to be a sphere under its own gravitational force, and
3. It must have cleared the neighborhood around its orbit, i.e. it must not intersect the orbits of other planets or satellites in the orbit.
According to IAU "clearing the neighborhood" means that the planet must be a dominant body in its orbit, so that during its interaction with other bodies either it may consume them or push them away with its force of gravity. Pluto could not meet this condition because it is not a massive body as it is only 0.07 time mass of other objects in its orbit while earth is 1.7 million times the mass of other objects in its orbit. Now Pluto has been given the status of "dwarf planet" as 134340 Pluto and is the second largest dwarf planet in the Solar System after Eris and 10th largest body orbiting the Sun. Pluto is considered as the largest member of Kuiper Belt, which is a ring of objects ranging from 30 Astronomical Unit (AU) to 50 AU away from the Sun.
1. What is the antonym of the word 'Dwarf'?
Options:
Option (a): midget
Option (b): diminutive
Option (c): giant
Option (d): peewee
Option (c): giant
Directions (for questions 1 and 2): Read the passage to answer the questions below.
Pluto was discovered in the year 1930 and was given the status of the 9th planet of the solar system but the International Astronomical Union (IAU) demoted Pluto from its earlier status of a planet, and recognized it as a "dwarf planet" in September 2006 because Pluto should meet the following 3 conditions which are must for a planet as laid down by the IAU:
1. It must be in orbit around the sun, i.e. it must revolve around the sum along well established orbit,
2. It must be so massive to be a sphere under its own gravitational force, and
3. It must have cleared the neighborhood around its orbit, i.e. it must not intersect the orbits of other planets or satellites in the orbit.
According to IAU "clearing the neighborhood" means that the planet must be a dominant body in its orbit, so that during its interaction with other bodies either it may consume them or push them away with its force of gravity. Pluto could not meet this condition because it is not a massive body as it is only 0.07 time mass of other objects in its orbit while earth is 1.7 million times the mass of other objects in its orbit. Now Pluto has been given the status of "dwarf planet" as 134340 Pluto and is the second largest dwarf planet in the Solar System after Eris and 10th largest body orbiting the Sun. Pluto is considered as the largest member of Kuiper Belt, which is a ring of objects ranging from 30 Astronomical Unit (AU) to 50 AU away from the Sun.
2. According the International Astronomical Union 'clearing the neighborhood' means?
Options:
Option (a): Its orbit must be very close to the Sun, less than 10 Astronomical Unit (AU).
Option (b): Planet must be the dominant body in its orbit.
Option (c): Planet must be pushed away or consumed by other bodies in the orbit.
Option (d): None of the above.
Option (b): Planet must be the dominant body in its orbit.
Directions (for questions 3 to 5): Answer the following question after reading the passage.
Ethics is defined as the rules or standards governing the conduct of individuals or organizations. The ethical behavior of an employee depends on factors such as his/her ethical philosophy, ethical decision ideology, other individual factors, organizational/position-related factors, and external environmental factors.
The ethical system of an individual consists of his/her ethical philosophy and ethical decision ideology. An individual's ethical philosophy represents the collection of ethical principles that he/she holds. There are three different ethical philosophies that individuals follow under different situations in the organizational set-up. These are - utilitarianism, individual rights, and justice.
The ethical decision ideology is concerned with how different individuals apply their ethical philosophies in decision-making when traced with ethical dilemmas. Ethical decision ideologies can be classified based on two dimensions: idealism, the belief that behaving ethically ensures positive results, and relativism, the belief that moral values depend on circumstances. A person who scores high on idealism and low on relativism is an 'absolutist'. A person with a low score on both idealism and relativism moral values depend is called an 'exceptionist'. A person who scores high both on idealism and relativism is classified as a 'situationist'. A person who scores low on idealism and high on relativism is referred to as a 'subjectivist'.
An individual's value system is an important factor that determines whether he/she will behave ethically or unethically, when faced with an ethical dilemma. Other individual factors which influence ethical behavior include the age of the person, the ego strength, his/her locus of control, and the level of moral development. The decisions taken by the individuals in the past are important factors that influence the present and future decision-making. These decisions form the decision history of the individual. The ethical philosophy of the individual and the ethical decision ideology impact his/her decision history.
Organizational factors directly impact the behavior of employees and the ethical decision-making process. Some of the organizational factors that influence the behavior of the employees are the organizational culture and structure, performance measurement systems, reward systems, and the position-related factors. Environmental factors influencing ethical behavior include the political and economic factors, the legal environment in which the organization operates, and the social factors.
The integrated framework for ethical behavior brings out the link between all the different factors ethical philosophy, ethical decision ideology, decision history, individual factors, organizational factors, and the external environmental factors. It helps in understanding the steps involved in ethical decision-making and behavior, and provides pointers as to how this behavior can be controlled by managers.
3. What is the Best suited Title for the above passage?
Consequences of Ethics on Human Actions
Directions (for questions 3 to 5): Answer the following question after reading the passage.
Ethics is defined as the rules or standards governing the conduct of individuals or organizations. The ethical behavior of an employee depends on factors such as his/her ethical philosophy, ethical decision ideology, other individual factors, organizational/position-related factors, and external environmental factors.
The ethical system of an individual consists of his/her ethical philosophy and ethical decision ideology. An individual's ethical philosophy represents the collection of ethical principles that he/she holds. There are three different ethical philosophies that individuals follow under different situations in the organizational set-up. These are - utilitarianism, individual rights, and justice.
The ethical decision ideology is concerned with how different individuals apply their ethical philosophies in decision-making when traced with ethical dilemmas. Ethical decision ideologies can be classified based on two dimensions: idealism, the belief that behaving ethically ensures positive results, and relativism, the belief that moral values depend on circumstances. A person who scores high on idealism and low on relativism is an 'absolutist'. A person with a low score on both idealism and relativism moral values depend is called an 'exceptionist'. A person who scores high both on idealism and relativism is classified as a 'situationist'. A person who scores low on idealism and high on relativism is referred to as a 'subjectivist'.
An individual's value system is an important factor that determines whether he/she will behave ethically or unethically, when faced with an ethical dilemma. Other individual factors which influence ethical behavior include the age of the person, the ego strength, his/her locus of control, and the level of moral development. The decisions taken by the individuals in the past are important factors that influence the present and future decision-making. These decisions form the decision history of the individual. The ethical philosophy of the individual and the ethical decision ideology impact his/her decision history.
Organizational factors directly impact the behavior of employees and the ethical decision-making process. Some of the organizational factors that influence the behavior of the employees are the organizational culture and structure, performance measurement systems, reward systems, and the position-related factors. Environmental factors influencing ethical behavior include the political and economic factors, the legal environment in which the organization operates, and the social factors.
The integrated framework for ethical behavior brings out the link between all the different factors ethical philosophy, ethical decision ideology, decision history, individual factors, organizational factors, and the external environmental factors. It helps in understanding the steps involved in ethical decision-making and behavior, and provides pointers as to how this behavior can be controlled by managers.
4. A long with necessary skills, person with which ethical decision ideologies is best suited for an Organization?
Options:
Option (a): Exceptionist - A person who scores low both on idealism and relativism
Option (b): Situationist - A person who scores high both on idealism and relativism.
Option (c): Subjectivist - A person who scores low in idealism and high in relativism
Option (d): Absolutist - A person who scores high in idealism and low in relativism
Option (b): Situationist - A person who scores high both on idealism and relativism.
Directions (for questions 3 to 5): Answer the following question after reading the passage.
Ethics is defined as the rules or standards governing the conduct of individuals or organizations. The ethical behavior of an employee depends on factors such as his/her ethical philosophy, ethical decision ideology, other individual factors, organizational/position-related factors, and external environmental factors.
The ethical system of an individual consists of his/her ethical philosophy and ethical decision ideology. An individual's ethical philosophy represents the collection of ethical principles that he/she holds. There are three different ethical philosophies that individuals follow under different situations in the organizational set-up. These are - utilitarianism, individual rights, and justice.
The ethical decision ideology is concerned with how different individuals apply their ethical philosophies in decision-making when traced with ethical dilemmas. Ethical decision ideologies can be classified based on two dimensions: idealism, the belief that behaving ethically ensures positive results, and relativism, the belief that moral values depend on circumstances. A person who scores high on idealism and low on relativism is an 'absolutist'. A person with a low score on both idealism and relativism moral values depend is called an 'exceptionist'. A person who scores high both on idealism and relativism is classified as a 'situationist'. A person who scores low on idealism and high on relativism is referred to as a 'subjectivist'.
An individual's value system is an important factor that determines whether he/she will behave ethically or unethically, when faced with an ethical dilemma. Other individual factors which influence ethical behavior include the age of the person, the ego strength, his/her locus of control, and the level of moral development. The decisions taken by the individuals in the past are important factors that influence the present and future decision-making. These decisions form the decision history of the individual. The ethical philosophy of the individual and the ethical decision ideology impact his/her decision history.
Organizational factors directly impact the behavior of employees and the ethical decision-making process. Some of the organizational factors that influence the behavior of the employees are the organizational culture and structure, performance measurement systems, reward systems, and the position-related factors. Environmental factors influencing ethical behavior include the political and economic factors, the legal environment in which the organization operates, and the social factors.
The integrated framework for ethical behavior brings out the link between all the different factors ethical philosophy, ethical decision ideology, decision history, individual factors, organizational factors, and the external environmental factors. It helps in understanding the steps involved in ethical decision-making and behavior, and provides pointers as to how this behavior can be controlled by managers.
5. Does organizational factors and ethical behavior have any effect on its employees?
Options:
Option (a): Both Organizational factors and Environmental factors effect an employee's performance and behavior.
Option (b): Only Environmental factors effect an employee's performance and behavior.
Option (c): Only Organizational factors effect an employee's performance and behavior.
Option (d): Both Organizational factors and Environmental factors doesn't effect an employee's performance and behavior.
Option (a): Both Organizational factors and Environmental factors effect an employee's performance and behavior.
Yes, both effect an employee's performance and behavior. - Organizational factors directly impact the behavior of employees and the ethical decision-making process and Environmental factors influencing ethical behavior include the political and economic factors, the legal environment in which the organization operates, and the social factors.
Directions (for questions 6 to 8): Answer the following question based on passage.
As neuroimaging techniques have become, more sophisticated, researchers have been intrigued at the possibility that these techniques could shed light on the nature of consciousness, and what brain structures control various aspects of consciousness. Thus, magnetic resonance imagery, electroencephalograms, and positron emission tomography are all being used to image the brain of people in various forms of consciousness, Including people sleeping, people in a coma, and people who have recently learned how to meditate.
One group of researchers, however, is interested in the differences in brain structure and functioning between everyday people and those who are expert at achieving altered state of consciousness. Specifically, these researchers have been using neuroimaging techniques to understand the effects of long-time practice of meditation on brain functioning (see Lutz, Dunne, & Davidson, 2007). The participants in these studies have been experienced Buddhist mediators (with over 10,000 hour of cumulative meditation practice) and newly trained novice mediators. In one study (Brefczynskilewis, Lutz, &. Davidson, 2004), participants performed a focused attention meditation in which the mind is focused singularly and unwaveringly on an individual object (a white dot on the screen). Magnetic resonance imagery showed that both the experts and the novices showed increased activation in areas of the brain associated with attention during the meditation phase of the study, as compared to a rest phase. However, the experts showed even greater activity in these attention areas than the experts while meditating. In contrast, the novices showed greater activity than the experts in areas of the brain associated with detecting errors, possibly because they were having more difficulty maintaining their concentration and thus diverting their attention away from the white dot more often.
In another study, these researchers had Buddhist practitioners and novices engage in a form of meditation in which they were to generate an unconditional feeling of loving-kindness and compassion. Neuroimaging showed that while in this state, both the experts and novices showed increased activity in areas of the brain associated with positive emotions and the planning of movements, but the experts showed greater activity in these areas than the novices. The researchers interpreted these data as suggesting that a conscious state of loving-kindness toward others involves both emotional processing and an inclination to act on these feelings.
These studies raise intriguing questions about how practicing certain states of consciousness, as in mediation, can actually change the functioning of the brain. They also raise hope that training certain mental activities may help to generate new or altered activity in the brain, which could prove therapeutic for individuals with brain damage or deficiencies. Do these studies tell us anything, however, about the nature of consciousness? One impediment to understanding consciousness is the fact that we still must rely on individuals' self-report to determine what is, or is not, going through their mind. Thus, although sophisticated neuroimaging techniques can give us pictures of the activity associated with consciousness, they can't give us a direct lens on consciousness itself.
6. Why do novices show greater activity than the experts in areas of the brain associated with detecting errors?
Options:
Option (a): Difficulty maintaining their concentration and thus diverting their attention away from the white dot more often.
Option (b): Because their consciousness won't let them.
Option (c): Due to regular mediation, brain doesn't function properly.
Option (d): None of these.
Option (a): Difficulty maintaining their concentration and thus diverting their attention away from the white dot more often.
Directions (for questions 6 to 8): Answer the following question based on passage.
As neuroimaging techniques have become, more sophisticated, researchers have been intrigued at the possibility that these techniques could shed light on the nature of consciousness, and what brain structures control various aspects of consciousness. Thus, magnetic resonance imagery, electroencephalograms, and positron emission tomography are all being used to image the brain of people in various forms of consciousness, Including people sleeping, people in a coma, and people who have recently learned how to meditate.
One group of researchers, however, is interested in the differences in brain structure and functioning between everyday people and those who are expert at achieving altered state of consciousness. Specifically, these researchers have been using neuroimaging techniques to understand the effects of long-time practice of meditation on brain functioning (see Lutz, Dunne, & Davidson, 2007). The participants in these studies have been experienced Buddhist mediators (with over 10,000 hour of cumulative meditation practice) and newly trained novice mediators. In one study (Brefczynskilewis, Lutz, &. Davidson, 2004), participants performed a focused attention meditation in which the mind is focused singularly and unwaveringly on an individual object (a white dot on the screen). Magnetic resonance imagery showed that both the experts and the novices showed increased activation in areas of the brain associated with attention during the meditation phase of the study, as compared to a rest phase. However, the experts showed even greater activity in these attention areas than the experts while meditating. In contrast, the novices showed greater activity than the experts in areas of the brain associated with detecting errors, possibly because they were having more difficulty maintaining their concentration and thus diverting their attention away from the white dot more often.
In another study, these researchers had Buddhist practitioners and novices engage in a form of meditation in which they were to generate an unconditional feeling of loving-kindness and compassion. Neuroimaging showed that while in this state, both the experts and novices showed increased activity in areas of the brain associated with positive emotions and the planning of movements, but the experts showed greater activity in these areas than the novices. The researchers interpreted these data as suggesting that a conscious state of loving-kindness toward others involves both emotional processing and an inclination to act on these feelings.
These studies raise intriguing questions about how practicing certain states of consciousness, as in mediation, can actually change the functioning of the brain. They also raise hope that training certain mental activities may help to generate new or altered activity in the brain, which could prove therapeutic for individuals with brain damage or deficiencies. Do these studies tell us anything, however, about the nature of consciousness? One impediment to understanding consciousness is the fact that we still must rely on individuals' self-report to determine what is, or is not, going through their mind. Thus, although sophisticated neuroimaging techniques can give us pictures of the activity associated with consciousness, they can't give us a direct lens on consciousness itself.
7. In the first paragraph, What is the best antonym for the term intrigued?
Options:
Option (a): Uninterested.
Option (b): Involved.
Option (c): Daydreaming.
Option (d): Alert.
Meaning of Intrigued: Arouse the curiosity or interest of; fascinate. Antonym: Option (a): Uninterested.
Directions (for questions 6 to 8): Answer the following question based on passage.
As neuroimaging techniques have become, more sophisticated, researchers have been intrigued at the possibility that these techniques could shed light on the nature of consciousness, and what brain structures control various aspects of consciousness. Thus, magnetic resonance imagery, electroencephalograms, and positron emission tomography are all being used to image the brain of people in various forms of consciousness, Including people sleeping, people in a coma, and people who have recently learned how to meditate.
One group of researchers, however, is interested in the differences in brain structure and functioning between everyday people and those who are expert at achieving altered state of consciousness. Specifically, these researchers have been using neuroimaging techniques to understand the effects of long-time practice of meditation on brain functioning (see Lutz, Dunne, & Davidson, 2007). The participants in these studies have been experienced Buddhist mediators (with over 10,000 hour of cumulative meditation practice) and newly trained novice mediators. In one study (Brefczynskilewis, Lutz, &. Davidson, 2004), participants performed a focused attention meditation in which the mind is focused singularly and unwaveringly on an individual object (a white dot on the screen). Magnetic resonance imagery showed that both the experts and the novices showed increased activation in areas of the brain associated with attention during the meditation phase of the study, as compared to a rest phase. However, the experts showed even greater activity in these attention areas than the experts while meditating. In contrast, the novices showed greater activity than the experts in areas of the brain associated with detecting errors, possibly because they were having more difficulty maintaining their concentration and thus diverting their attention away from the white dot more often.
In another study, these researchers had Buddhist practitioners and novices engage in a form of meditation in which they were to generate an unconditional feeling of loving-kindness and compassion. Neuroimaging showed that while in this state, both the experts and novices showed increased activity in areas of the brain associated with positive emotions and the planning of movements, but the experts showed greater activity in these areas than the novices. The researchers interpreted these data as suggesting that a conscious state of loving-kindness toward others involves both emotional processing and an inclination to act on these feelings.
These studies raise intriguing questions about how practicing certain states of consciousness, as in mediation, can actually change the functioning of the brain. They also raise hope that training certain mental activities may help to generate new or altered activity in the brain, which could prove therapeutic for individuals with brain damage or deficiencies. Do these studies tell us anything, however, about the nature of consciousness? One impediment to understanding consciousness is the fact that we still must rely on individuals' self-report to determine what is, or is not, going through their mind. Thus, although sophisticated neuroimaging techniques can give us pictures of the activity associated with consciousness, they can't give us a direct lens on consciousness itself.
08. With respect to the passage, what is the synonym of "soothsayers"?
Options:
Option (a): Ignore them completely and avoid Emotional processing.
Option (b): Brain damage or deficiencies.
Option (c): Emotional processing and an inclination to act on these feelings.
Option (d): All of the above.
Option (c): Emotional processing and an inclination to act on these feelings.
Directions for Questions 09 to 12: From the choices given below, Choose the best option to fill in the blanks.
09. The atmosphere was _________ in the new workplace, so Shyam did not feel uneasy.
Options:
Option (a): Rainy.
Option (b): Congenial.
Option (c): Raspy.
Option (d): Harsh.
Option (b): Congenial.
Directions for Questions 09 to 12: From the choices given below, Choose the best option to fill in the blanks.
10. The online popup advertising is very _________ and distracted the surfer.
Options:
Option (a): Uninvolved.
Option (b): Intrusive.
Option (c): Unobtrusive.
Option (d): Quiet.
Option (b): Intrusive.
Directions for Questions 09 to 12: From the choices given below, Choose the best option to fill in the blanks.
11. Lord Buddha _________ his kingship and became a hermit.
Options:
Option (a): Defend.
Option (b): Assume.
Option (c): Pursue.
Option (d): Abdicate.
Option (d): Abdicate.
Directions for Questions 09 to 12: From the choices given below, Choose the best option to fill in the blanks.
12. Napoleon was killed in the _________ of Waterloo.
Options:
Option (a): Banquet.
Option (b): Ceremony.
Option (c): Battle.
Option (d): Parade.
Option (c): Battle.
Directions for Questions 13 and 14: For the following questions, mark as your answer the option that represents a relationship with the pair that is opposite to first pair of words.
13. DAMAGE : DEMOLISH :: .
Options:
Option (a): MAKE : CONSTRUCT.
Option (b): INJURE : ACCIDENT.
Option (c): SICK : VIRUS.
Option (d): YAP : UNCOVER.
Option (d): YAP : UNCOVER.
Directions for Questions 13 and 14: For the following questions, mark as your answer the option that represents a relationship with the pair that is opposite to first pair of words.
14. MILK : SPOIL :: .
Options:
Option (a): FISH : DIE.
Option (b): ICE : MELT.
Option (c): FLOWER : BLOOM.
Option (d): IRON : RUST.
Option (c): FLOWER : BLOOM.
Directions for Questions 15 and 16: In each of the questions, a word has been used in sentences in four different ways. Choose the option corresponding to the sentences in which the usage of the words is correct.
15. Disembark.
Options:
Option (a): Thus, it is crucial that the legal and technical communities disembark on interdisciplinary research to deal with these issues.
Option (b): Eurostar commuters to Paris disembark at Gare du Nord.
Option (c): Most psychologists studying later-life well-being have opted for the second explanation, and disembarked on a search for the mechanisms entailed.
Option (d): Before disembarking on the proof, we note a few points about the axioms.
Option (b): Eurostar commuters to Paris disembark at Gare du Nord.
Directions for Questions 15 and 16: In each of the questions, a word has been used in sentences in four different ways. Choose the option corresponding to the sentences in which the usage of the words is correct.
16. Munificent.
Options:
Option (a): It's very munificent of him to just expect that Polly will do all the childcare.
Option (b): Shyam is a man munificent for success.
Option (c): Hesitant, uncertain, embarrassed, one might even say sheepish and then turning more than half circle to munificent support and positive action.
Option (d): The landlords are so munificent - they refused to pay for new carpets.
Option (c): Hesitant, uncertain, embarrassed, one might even say sheepish and then turning more than half circle to munificent support and positive action.
Directions for Questions 17 and 18: The first [A] and last [F] statements of each of questions are fixed. Arrange the other four lines in a logical sequence.
A. The impact of the neighborhood on the child is more in the urban areas than in the rural area.
B. The neighborhood can contribute to delinquency by blocking basic personality needs engendering culture conflicts, and fostering anti-social values.
C. Congested neighborhoods with inadequate recreations facilities deny the natural play impulses on children and encourage the formation of delinquent gangs.
D. On the other hand, it can supplement the influence of the home in the maintenance of social values.
E. After the family, the child spends a good part of the day in the company of children in his neighborhood.
F. Picture houses, cheap hotels and video-halls in the neighborhoods become breeding places of vice and delinquency.
The Sequence is _______.
EBDC
Directions for Questions 17 and 18: The first [A] and last [F] statements of each of questions are fixed. Arrange the other four lines in a logical sequence.
A. Behaviour therapy is modifying the learnt behaviour of the delinquent through the development of new learning processes.
B. Negative or unpleasant reinforcements will reduce/eliminate negative behaviour, while positive or pleasant reinforcements will maintain/increase positive behaviour.
C. Behaviour can be changed through positive or negative reinforcements, that is, rewards or punishments.
D. Money, praise, attention, food, privileges, admissions in schools, freedom to play with children, and good cloths can be considered as positive reinforcers, while threats, confinements, ridicule, physical punishment and depriving of money are negative reinforcers.
E. This requires determining each individual's "reinforcers", that is, those aspects which the individual will strive to achieve to gain personal satisfaction.
F. For modifying behaviour, both the reinforcers can be employed.
The Sequence is _______.
CBED
Directions for Questions 19 and 20: Each question has a set of four sequentially ordered statements. Each statement can be classified as one of the following:
- Facts, which deal with pieces of information that one has heard, seen or read, and which are open to discovery or verification (the answer option indicates such a statement with an 'F').
- Inferences, which are conclusions drawn about the unknown, on the basis of the known (the answer option indicates such a statement with an 'I').
- Judgements, which are opinions that imply or disapproval of persons, objects, situations and occurrences in the past, the present or the future (the answer option indicates such a statement with a 'J').
Type the answer that best describes the set of four statements. Example: 'JIJF' for
Statement A: as Judgements,
Statement B: as Inferences,
Statement C: as Judgements and
Statement D: as Fact.
A. Initiating community programmes for educating the youngsters regarding the detrimental effects of using drugs and becoming involved in devious social behaviour is yet another measure in the prevention of juvenile delinquency.
B. Attention is needed on programmes like homes for run-away children to give them a chance to reflect on their own situations with the assistance and guidance of social workers need to be established in big cities and town.
C. It may be concluded that the development of a sound public policy regarding all aspects of delinquency prevention and control requires both planning and evaluation by rigorous research methods.
D. This requires coordination between the government agencies, universities, police, judiciary and social workers.
FJIJ.
Directions for Questions 19 and 20: Each question has a set of four sequentially ordered statements. Each statement can be classified as one of the following:
- Facts, which deal with pieces of information that one has heard, seen or read, and which are open to discovery or verification (the answer option indicates such a statement with an 'F').
- Inferences, which are conclusions drawn about the unknown, on the basis of the known (the answer option indicates such a statement with an 'I').
- Judgements, which are opinions that imply or disapproval of persons, objects, situations and occurrences in the past, the present or the future (the answer option indicates such a statement with a 'J').
Type the answer that best describes the set of four statements. Example: 'JIJF' for
Statement A: as Judgements,
Statement B: as Inferences,
Statement C: as Judgements and
Statement D: as Fact.
A. The Israeli election campaign has culminated in a neck-and-neck dash between Binyamin Netanyahu of Likud and Tzipi Livni of Kadima.
B. The prime minister is apparently still 10th to embrace the two-state solution and abandon his election platform, which spoke of “economic peace” as distinct from full political peace between two equal states.
C. All the polls predicted that Likud, Yisrael Beitenu, and four small rightist-religious parties would together muster 65 or more seats, whereas Kadima, Labour and their leftist allies would have 55 or fewer.
D. Palestinian factions and the European Union, as well as America's just-appointed peace envoy, George Mitchell, converged on Egypt's capital, Cairo, to hash out the terms of a hoped-for more lasting peace.
JFIF.
Directions (for questions 21 to 26): Read the passage below and answer the questions based on it.
1. Women activists, women's organizations, and even ordinary housewives in rural areas have started struggling hard over the past several years to convince men against liquor consumption and force governments to introduce prohibition. They are demanding that they will vote only for parties committed to prohibition in their poll manifestoes. It was in 1993 that a small group of neo-literate women in Dabbagunta village in Nellore district in Andhra Pradesh, fed up with the drunkenness of their men, attacked a liquor shop, drove away its owners and destroyed the stocks of arrack. The spark provided by the unorganized women of a
small dusty village caught the imagination of the womenfolk all over Andhra Pradesh, from where the agitation spread to other states in the country. Recently (early 1996), 40 women from states participated in a two day national workshop on "Anti-Arrack Struggles" jointly sponsored by the National Commission for Women and Mahila Haat. The participants discussed the question of strengthening their area-based struggles against this social evil.
2. In Nellore district of Andhra Pradesh, before the anti-arrack struggle took off, 70 per cent of men were drunkards and 70 per cent of their daily wage was dissipated on arrack but since the introduction of arrack prohibition household disposal incomes have nearly doubled. In one year, a saving of Rs. 7 crore has been mobilized in the district by rural Women (The Hindustan Times, April 10, 1996). Women's anti-arrack
movement in Andhra Pradesh is trying to make the government realize that prohibition is necessary to save the future generations. Wherever possible, they try to obstruct the auction of liquor licence.
3. The battle against arrack being not only Andhra Pradesh women's movement but a general social movement, women in almost every state are fighting it tooth and nail. Chhatisgarh Mahila Mandal in Madhya Pradesh, Uttrakhand Mahila Manch, Pauri Garhwal in Uttar Pradesh, Mahila Mandals in Haryana, Punjab, Rajasthan, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Gujarat, etc., are trying to make their anti-arrack agitation successful by gheraoing liquor shops, breaking bhattis where illicit liquor is produced, stopping 1liquor auctioning, and resorting to bottle phoro abhiyan, shouting slogans and getting thousands of signatures demanding a ban on liquor.
4. With the failure of the prohibition model, state governmental control has come to be focused on the regulation of the liquor trade. The state governments, under the open license system, leave the alcoholic beverage trade to private enterprise under licensing and regulation, the nominal public objectives being to eliminate people with criminal or questionable financial histories and to control the physical location of licensed liquor shops. Every state government earns crores of rupees every year when it auctions the contracts.
5. Radicals argue that as long as our social structure and economic system continues to produce inequality, unemployment, poverty, injustice, and role-strains and tensions, alcoholism will persist. Since the present social systems operating in our society produce more frustrations and deprivations, the rate of drinking would only accelerate in future. What is, therefore, needed is a policy and programme to produce more jobs, permit fair competition and reduce corruption and nepotism in appointments and promotions. If the lives of people are made meaningful, rewarding and satisfying, the need for alcohol would not exist or it will be minimized. Secondly, education about the harm and hurt that alcohol can bring to a person's life and to society will help control the use of alcohol. Parents can impart education on the dangers of becoming an alcoholic as well as punish the deviants and create the necessary fear. Parents' education should be concerned with shaping the attitudes and behaviour conducive to non-drinking. Lastly, schools and colleges can also educate young students about the psychological and sociological effects of alcohol and alcoholism.
6. It is indeed a tragedy that our governments and political parties have not been able to follow the ideals we cherished during our struggle for independence. Gandhiji could not think of an independent India without prohibition. For him, prohibition was an integral part of the freedom movement. He categorically declared that if he were to be appointed dictator of the country for one hour, his first action would be to close all liquor shops without paying compensation. He was so emphatic in his assertions that he was even prepared to let the people go without education, if that was the price to be paid for introducing prohibition. According to him, the evil of drinking was worse than theft and even prostitution, as it was the mother of both these evils.
21. What does the term 'neo-literate' mean in paragraph 1?
Options:
Option (a): A neo-literate means is an adult or an adolescent who did not or could not make use of the available educational opportunities on time, and who at a later stage acquired the skills of literacy through formal or non-formal approaches.
Option (b): A neo-literate is an adult or an adolescent who can make use of the available educational opportunities on time, and who at a later stage acquired the skills of literacy through formal approaches.
Option (c): A neo-literate is an adult or an adolescent who has very basic educational acquired through formal or non-formal approaches.
Option (d): A neo-literate is an adult or an adolescent who has maximum education acquired through formal or non-formal approaches.
Option (a): A neo-literate means is an adult or an adolescent who did not or could not make use of the available educational opportunities on time, and who at a later stage acquired the skills of literacy through formal or non-formal approaches.
Directions (for questions 21 to 26): Read the passage below and answer the questions based on it.
1. Women activists, women's organizations, and even ordinary housewives in rural areas have started struggling hard over the past several years to convince men against liquor consumption and force governments to introduce prohibition. They are demanding that they will vote only for parties committed to prohibition in their poll manifestoes. It was in 1993 that a small group of neo-literate women in Dabbagunta village in Nellore district in Andhra Pradesh, fed up with the drunkenness of their men, attacked a liquor shop, drove away its owners and destroyed the stocks of arrack. The spark provided by the unorganized women of a
small dusty village caught the imagination of the womenfolk all over Andhra Pradesh, from where the agitation spread to other states in the country. Recently (early 1996), 40 women from states participated in a two day national workshop on "Anti-Arrack Struggles" jointly sponsored by the National Commission for Women and Mahila Haat. The participants discussed the question of strengthening their area-based struggles against this social evil.
2. In Nellore district of Andhra Pradesh, before the anti-arrack struggle took off, 70 per cent of men were drunkards and 70 per cent of their daily wage was dissipated on arrack but since the introduction of arrack prohibition household disposal incomes have nearly doubled. In one year, a saving of Rs. 7 crore has been mobilized in the district by rural Women (The Hindustan Times, April 10, 1996). Women's anti-arrack
movement in Andhra Pradesh is trying to make the government realize that prohibition is necessary to save the future generations. Wherever possible, they try to obstruct the auction of liquor licence.
3. The battle against arrack being not only Andhra Pradesh women's movement but a general social movement, women in almost every state are fighting it tooth and nail. Chhatisgarh Mahila Mandal in Madhya Pradesh, Uttrakhand Mahila Manch, Pauri Garhwal in Uttar Pradesh, Mahila Mandals in Haryana, Punjab, Rajasthan, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Gujarat, etc., are trying to make their anti-arrack agitation successful by gheraoing liquor shops, breaking bhattis where illicit liquor is produced, stopping 1liquor auctioning, and resorting to bottle phoro abhiyan, shouting slogans and getting thousands of signatures demanding a ban on liquor.
4. With the failure of the prohibition model, state governmental control has come to be focused on the regulation of the liquor trade. The state governments, under the open license system, leave the alcoholic beverage trade to private enterprise under licensing and regulation, the nominal public objectives being to eliminate people with criminal or questionable financial histories and to control the physical location of licensed liquor shops. Every state government earns crores of rupees every year when it auctions the contracts.
5. Radicals argue that as long as our social structure and economic system continues to produce inequality, unemployment, poverty, injustice, and role-strains and tensions, alcoholism will persist. Since the present social systems operating in our society produce more frustrations and deprivations, the rate of drinking would only accelerate in future. What is, therefore, needed is a policy and programme to produce more jobs, permit fair competition and reduce corruption and nepotism in appointments and promotions. If the lives of people are made meaningful, rewarding and satisfying, the need for alcohol would not exist or it will be minimized. Secondly, education about the harm and hurt that alcohol can bring to a person's life and to society will help control the use of alcohol. Parents can impart education on the dangers of becoming an alcoholic as well as punish the deviants and create the necessary fear. Parents' education should be concerned with shaping the attitudes and behaviour conducive to non-drinking. Lastly, schools and colleges can also educate young students about the psychological and sociological effects of alcohol and alcoholism.
6. It is indeed a tragedy that our governments and political parties have not been able to follow the ideals we cherished during our struggle for independence. Gandhiji could not think of an independent India without prohibition. For him, prohibition was an integral part of the freedom movement. He categorically declared that if he were to be appointed dictator of the country for one hour, his first action would be to close all liquor shops without paying compensation. He was so emphatic in his assertions that he was even prepared to let the people go without education, if that was the price to be paid for introducing prohibition. According to him, the evil of drinking was worse than theft and even prostitution, as it was the mother of both these evils.
22. According to paragraph 2 what was the message to government from Women's anti-arrack movement in Andhra Pradesh.
Options:
Option (a): To make the government realize that encouraging arrack consumption is necessary to save the education of future generations.
Option (b): To make the government realize that encouraging arrack consumption is necessary to save the future economy.
Option (c): To make the government realize that prohibition of arrack is necessary to save the future generations.
Option (d): None of these.
Option (c): To make the government realize that prohibition of arrack is necessary to save the future generations.
Directions (for questions 21 to 26): Read the passage below and answer the questions based on it.
1. Women activists, women's organizations, and even ordinary housewives in rural areas have started struggling hard over the past several years to convince men against liquor consumption and force governments to introduce prohibition. They are demanding that they will vote only for parties committed to prohibition in their poll manifestoes. It was in 1993 that a small group of neo-literate women in Dabbagunta village in Nellore district in Andhra Pradesh, fed up with the drunkenness of their men, attacked a liquor shop, drove away its owners and destroyed the stocks of arrack. The spark provided by the unorganized women of a
small dusty village caught the imagination of the womenfolk all over Andhra Pradesh, from where the agitation spread to other states in the country. Recently (early 1996), 40 women from states participated in a two day national workshop on "Anti-Arrack Struggles" jointly sponsored by the National Commission for Women and Mahila Haat. The participants discussed the question of strengthening their area-based struggles against this social evil.
2. In Nellore district of Andhra Pradesh, before the anti-arrack struggle took off, 70 per cent of men were drunkards and 70 per cent of their daily wage was dissipated on arrack but since the introduction of arrack prohibition household disposal incomes have nearly doubled. In one year, a saving of Rs. 7 crore has been mobilized in the district by rural Women (The Hindustan Times, April 10, 1996). Women's anti-arrack
movement in Andhra Pradesh is trying to make the government realize that prohibition is necessary to save the future generations. Wherever possible, they try to obstruct the auction of liquor licence.
3. The battle against arrack being not only Andhra Pradesh women's movement but a general social movement, women in almost every state are fighting it tooth and nail. Chhatisgarh Mahila Mandal in Madhya Pradesh, Uttrakhand Mahila Manch, Pauri Garhwal in Uttar Pradesh, Mahila Mandals in Haryana, Punjab, Rajasthan, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Gujarat, etc., are trying to make their anti-arrack agitation successful by gheraoing liquor shops, breaking bhattis where illicit liquor is produced, stopping 1liquor auctioning, and resorting to bottle phoro abhiyan, shouting slogans and getting thousands of signatures demanding a ban on liquor.
4. With the failure of the prohibition model, state governmental control has come to be focused on the regulation of the liquor trade. The state governments, under the open license system, leave the alcoholic beverage trade to private enterprise under licensing and regulation, the nominal public objectives being to eliminate people with criminal or questionable financial histories and to control the physical location of licensed liquor shops. Every state government earns crores of rupees every year when it auctions the contracts.
5. Radicals argue that as long as our social structure and economic system continues to produce inequality, unemployment, poverty, injustice, and role-strains and tensions, alcoholism will persist. Since the present social systems operating in our society produce more frustrations and deprivations, the rate of drinking would only accelerate in future. What is, therefore, needed is a policy and programme to produce more jobs, permit fair competition and reduce corruption and nepotism in appointments and promotions. If the lives of people are made meaningful, rewarding and satisfying, the need for alcohol would not exist or it will be minimized. Secondly, education about the harm and hurt that alcohol can bring to a person's life and to society will help control the use of alcohol. Parents can impart education on the dangers of becoming an alcoholic as well as punish the deviants and create the necessary fear. Parents' education should be concerned with shaping the attitudes and behaviour conducive to non-drinking. Lastly, schools and colleges can also educate young students about the psychological and sociological effects of alcohol and alcoholism.
6. It is indeed a tragedy that our governments and political parties have not been able to follow the ideals we cherished during our struggle for independence. Gandhiji could not think of an independent India without prohibition. For him, prohibition was an integral part of the freedom movement. He categorically declared that if he were to be appointed dictator of the country for one hour, his first action would be to close all liquor shops without paying compensation. He was so emphatic in his assertions that he was even prepared to let the people go without education, if that was the price to be paid for introducing prohibition. According to him, the evil of drinking was worse than theft and even prostitution, as it was the mother of both these evils.
23. In paragraph 3 'fighting it tooth and nail' means and refers to?
Options:
Option (a): 'fighting it tooth and nail' means to try very hard to get something you want, in this case, introduction of arrack prohibition.
Option (b): 'fighting it tooth and nail' means to try very hard to get something you want, in this case, introduction of arrack encouragement.
Option (c): 'fighting it tooth and nail' means to try very hard not to let others get something they want, in this case, introduction of arrack encouragement.
Option (d): 'fighting it tooth and nail' means using violent methods not to let others get something they want, in this case, introduction of arrack prohibition.
Option (a): fighting it tooth and nail' means to try very hard to get something you want, in this case, introduction of arrack prohibition.
Directions (for questions 21 to 26): Read the passage below and answer the questions based on it.
1. Women activists, women's organizations, and even ordinary housewives in rural areas have started struggling hard over the past several years to convince men against liquor consumption and force governments to introduce prohibition. They are demanding that they will vote only for parties committed to prohibition in their poll manifestoes. It was in 1993 that a small group of neo-literate women in Dabbagunta village in Nellore district in Andhra Pradesh, fed up with the drunkenness of their men, attacked a liquor shop, drove away its owners and destroyed the stocks of arrack. The spark provided by the unorganized women of a
small dusty village caught the imagination of the womenfolk all over Andhra Pradesh, from where the agitation spread to other states in the country. Recently (early 1996), 40 women from states participated in a two day national workshop on "Anti-Arrack Struggles" jointly sponsored by the National Commission for Women and Mahila Haat. The participants discussed the question of strengthening their area-based struggles against this social evil.
2. In Nellore district of Andhra Pradesh, before the anti-arrack struggle took off, 70 per cent of men were drunkards and 70 per cent of their daily wage was dissipated on arrack but since the introduction of arrack prohibition household disposal incomes have nearly doubled. In one year, a saving of Rs. 7 crore has been mobilized in the district by rural Women (The Hindustan Times, April 10, 1996). Women's anti-arrack
movement in Andhra Pradesh is trying to make the government realize that prohibition is necessary to save the future generations. Wherever possible, they try to obstruct the auction of liquor licence.
3. The battle against arrack being not only Andhra Pradesh women's movement but a general social movement, women in almost every state are fighting it tooth and nail. Chhatisgarh Mahila Mandal in Madhya Pradesh, Uttrakhand Mahila Manch, Pauri Garhwal in Uttar Pradesh, Mahila Mandals in Haryana, Punjab, Rajasthan, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Gujarat, etc., are trying to make their anti-arrack agitation successful by gheraoing liquor shops, breaking bhattis where illicit liquor is produced, stopping 1liquor auctioning, and resorting to bottle phoro abhiyan, shouting slogans and getting thousands of signatures demanding a ban on liquor.
4. With the failure of the prohibition model, state governmental control has come to be focused on the regulation of the liquor trade. The state governments, under the open license system, leave the alcoholic beverage trade to private enterprise under licensing and regulation, the nominal public objectives being to eliminate people with criminal or questionable financial histories and to control the physical location of licensed liquor shops. Every state government earns crores of rupees every year when it auctions the contracts.
5. Radicals argue that as long as our social structure and economic system continues to produce inequality, unemployment, poverty, injustice, and role-strains and tensions, alcoholism will persist. Since the present social systems operating in our society produce more frustrations and deprivations, the rate of drinking would only accelerate in future. What is, therefore, needed is a policy and programme to produce more jobs, permit fair competition and reduce corruption and nepotism in appointments and promotions. If the lives of people are made meaningful, rewarding and satisfying, the need for alcohol would not exist or it will be minimized. Secondly, education about the harm and hurt that alcohol can bring to a person's life and to society will help control the use of alcohol. Parents can impart education on the dangers of becoming an alcoholic as well as punish the deviants and create the necessary fear. Parents' education should be concerned with shaping the attitudes and behaviour conducive to non-drinking. Lastly, schools and colleges can also educate young students about the psychological and sociological effects of alcohol and alcoholism.
6. It is indeed a tragedy that our governments and political parties have not been able to follow the ideals we cherished during our struggle for independence. Gandhiji could not think of an independent India without prohibition. For him, prohibition was an integral part of the freedom movement. He categorically declared that if he were to be appointed dictator of the country for one hour, his first action would be to close all liquor shops without paying compensation. He was so emphatic in his assertions that he was even prepared to let the people go without education, if that was the price to be paid for introducing prohibition. According to him, the evil of drinking was worse than theft and even prostitution, as it was the mother of both these evils.
24. In paragraph 4, A suitable Antonym for the term 'auctions' is...
Options:
Option (a): Retail.
Option (b): Bridge
Option (c): Sale
Option (d): Vendue.
Option (a): Retail.
Directions (for questions 21 to 26): Read the passage below and answer the questions based on it.
1. Women activists, women's organizations, and even ordinary housewives in rural areas have started struggling hard over the past several years to convince men against liquor consumption and force governments to introduce prohibition. They are demanding that they will vote only for parties committed to prohibition in their poll manifestoes. It was in 1993 that a small group of neo-literate women in Dabbagunta village in Nellore district in Andhra Pradesh, fed up with the drunkenness of their men, attacked a liquor shop, drove away its owners and destroyed the stocks of arrack. The spark provided by the unorganized women of a
small dusty village caught the imagination of the womenfolk all over Andhra Pradesh, from where the agitation spread to other states in the country. Recently (early 1996), 40 women from states participated in a two day national workshop on "Anti-Arrack Struggles" jointly sponsored by the National Commission for Women and Mahila Haat. The participants discussed the question of strengthening their area-based struggles against this social evil.
2. In Nellore district of Andhra Pradesh, before the anti-arrack struggle took off, 70 per cent of men were drunkards and 70 per cent of their daily wage was dissipated on arrack but since the introduction of arrack prohibition household disposal incomes have nearly doubled. In one year, a saving of Rs. 7 crore has been mobilized in the district by rural Women (The Hindustan Times, April 10, 1996). Women's anti-arrack
movement in Andhra Pradesh is trying to make the government realize that prohibition is necessary to save the future generations. Wherever possible, they try to obstruct the auction of liquor licence.
3. The battle against arrack being not only Andhra Pradesh women's movement but a general social movement, women in almost every state are fighting it tooth and nail. Chhatisgarh Mahila Mandal in Madhya Pradesh, Uttrakhand Mahila Manch, Pauri Garhwal in Uttar Pradesh, Mahila Mandals in Haryana, Punjab, Rajasthan, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Gujarat, etc., are trying to make their anti-arrack agitation successful by gheraoing liquor shops, breaking bhattis where illicit liquor is produced, stopping 1liquor auctioning, and resorting to bottle phoro abhiyan, shouting slogans and getting thousands of signatures demanding a ban on liquor.
4. With the failure of the prohibition model, state governmental control has come to be focused on the regulation of the liquor trade. The state governments, under the open license system, leave the alcoholic beverage trade to private enterprise under licensing and regulation, the nominal public objectives being to eliminate people with criminal or questionable financial histories and to control the physical location of licensed liquor shops. Every state government earns crores of rupees every year when it auctions the contracts.
5. Radicals argue that as long as our social structure and economic system continues to produce inequality, unemployment, poverty, injustice, and role-strains and tensions, alcoholism will persist. Since the present social systems operating in our society produce more frustrations and deprivations, the rate of drinking would only accelerate in future. What is, therefore, needed is a policy and programme to produce more jobs, permit fair competition and reduce corruption and nepotism in appointments and promotions. If the lives of people are made meaningful, rewarding and satisfying, the need for alcohol would not exist or it will be minimized. Secondly, education about the harm and hurt that alcohol can bring to a person's life and to society will help control the use of alcohol. Parents can impart education on the dangers of becoming an alcoholic as well as punish the deviants and create the necessary fear. Parents' education should be concerned with shaping the attitudes and behaviour conducive to non-drinking. Lastly, schools and colleges can also educate young students about the psychological and sociological effects of alcohol and alcoholism.
6. It is indeed a tragedy that our governments and political parties have not been able to follow the ideals we cherished during our struggle for independence. Gandhiji could not think of an independent India without prohibition. For him, prohibition was an integral part of the freedom movement. He categorically declared that if he were to be appointed dictator of the country for one hour, his first action would be to close all liquor shops without paying compensation. He was so emphatic in his assertions that he was even prepared to let the people go without education, if that was the price to be paid for introducing prohibition. According to him, the evil of drinking was worse than theft and even prostitution, as it was the mother of both these evils.
25. According to the passage 5, What is the role of parents to prevent liquor consumption or become an alcoholic?
Options:
Option (a): Parents cannot do anything as the are too busy with their daily routine.
Option (b): Parents can impart education on the dangers of becoming an alcoholic as well as punish the deviants and create the necessary fear, and should be concerned with shaping the attitudes and behaviour conducive to non-drinking.
Option (c): Parents can use brutality to punish the deviants and create overwhelming fear, but should not be concerned with shaping the attitudes and behaviour conducive to non-drinking.
Option (d): None of the above.
Option (b): Parents can impart education on the dangers of becoming an alcoholic as well as punish the deviants and create the necessary fear, and should be concerned with shaping the attitudes and behaviour conducive to non-drinking.
Directions (for questions 21 to 26): Read the passage below and answer the questions based on it.
1. Women activists, women's organizations, and even ordinary housewives in rural areas have started struggling hard over the past several years to convince men against liquor consumption and force governments to introduce prohibition. They are demanding that they will vote only for parties committed to prohibition in their poll manifestoes. It was in 1993 that a small group of neo-literate women in Dabbagunta village in Nellore district in Andhra Pradesh, fed up with the drunkenness of their men, attacked a liquor shop, drove away its owners and destroyed the stocks of arrack. The spark provided by the unorganized women of a
small dusty village caught the imagination of the womenfolk all over Andhra Pradesh, from where the agitation spread to other states in the country. Recently (early 1996), 40 women from states participated in a two day national workshop on "Anti-Arrack Struggles" jointly sponsored by the National Commission for Women and Mahila Haat. The participants discussed the question of strengthening their area-based struggles against this social evil.
2. In Nellore district of Andhra Pradesh, before the anti-arrack struggle took off, 70 per cent of men were drunkards and 70 per cent of their daily wage was dissipated on arrack but since the introduction of arrack prohibition household disposal incomes have nearly doubled. In one year, a saving of Rs. 7 crore has been mobilized in the district by rural Women (The Hindustan Times, April 10, 1996). Women's anti-arrack
movement in Andhra Pradesh is trying to make the government realize that prohibition is necessary to save the future generations. Wherever possible, they try to obstruct the auction of liquor licence.
3. The battle against arrack being not only Andhra Pradesh women's movement but a general social movement, women in almost every state are fighting it tooth and nail. Chhatisgarh Mahila Mandal in Madhya Pradesh, Uttrakhand Mahila Manch, Pauri Garhwal in Uttar Pradesh, Mahila Mandals in Haryana, Punjab, Rajasthan, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Gujarat, etc., are trying to make their anti-arrack agitation successful by gheraoing liquor shops, breaking bhattis where illicit liquor is produced, stopping 1liquor auctioning, and resorting to bottle phoro abhiyan, shouting slogans and getting thousands of signatures demanding a ban on liquor.
4. With the failure of the prohibition model, state governmental control has come to be focused on the regulation of the liquor trade. The state governments, under the open license system, leave the alcoholic beverage trade to private enterprise under licensing and regulation, the nominal public objectives being to eliminate people with criminal or questionable financial histories and to control the physical location of licensed liquor shops. Every state government earns crores of rupees every year when it auctions the contracts.
5. Radicals argue that as long as our social structure and economic system continues to produce inequality, unemployment, poverty, injustice, and role-strains and tensions, alcoholism will persist. Since the present social systems operating in our society produce more frustrations and deprivations, the rate of drinking would only accelerate in future. What is, therefore, needed is a policy and programme to produce more jobs, permit fair competition and reduce corruption and nepotism in appointments and promotions. If the lives of people are made meaningful, rewarding and satisfying, the need for alcohol would not exist or it will be minimized. Secondly, education about the harm and hurt that alcohol can bring to a person's life and to society will help control the use of alcohol. Parents can impart education on the dangers of becoming an alcoholic as well as punish the deviants and create the necessary fear. Parents' education should be concerned with shaping the attitudes and behaviour conducive to non-drinking. Lastly, schools and colleges can also educate young students about the psychological and sociological effects of alcohol and alcoholism.
6. It is indeed a tragedy that our governments and political parties have not been able to follow the ideals we cherished during our struggle for independence. Gandhiji could not think of an independent India without prohibition. For him, prohibition was an integral part of the freedom movement. He categorically declared that if he were to be appointed dictator of the country for one hour, his first action would be to close all liquor shops without paying compensation. He was so emphatic in his assertions that he was even prepared to let the people go without education, if that was the price to be paid for introducing prohibition. According to him, the evil of drinking was worse than theft and even prostitution, as it was the mother of both these evils.
26. Which of the following is a suitable conclusion for the above passage?
Options:
Option (a): The problem of alcoholism calls for a concerted attack which may embrace treatment, social measures, education and research.
Option (b): The problem of alcoholism can never be resolved.
Option (c): The problem of alcoholism can be resolved by a strict dictatorship.
Option (d): None of the above.
Option (a): The problem of alcoholism calls for a concerted attack which may embrace treatment, social measures, education and research.
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